Islamic Conquest: Jihad in Europe

The exclusive map has been divided into three distinct colors. Green signifies the Islamic conquest and Jihad of the North African and Arabian caliphates and emirates into Spain from the 8th century until the 15th. Red signifies the Islamic conquest and Jihad at the behest of the Turkish Ottoman empire from the 15th to the 20th centuries. Red-White signifies regions or territories that were effectively overrun and conquered by the Turkish Jihad but never actually annexed or ruled, including Croatia, Hungary, and eastern Austria. Dates have been marked to the most accurate degree possible in each region to show the duration of Islamic authority over European cultures and nations. Note that it is difficult to chart the actual realm of authority of temporary conquests, for example the very brief and unsuccessful Jihad into eastern Spain and France have been shown in Green despite the fact that the ineffectual and incoherent authority there during the period. To prevent exaggeration, the RED boundary line in central Spain is used to show the permanent Islamic state to the south in contrast to the realm of temporary Jihad attacks to the north. Note that the lack of RED on the western coast of Montenegro/Crna Gora (in Zeta) is intentional, as the region was never fully conquered. The Arabic used to show the Islamic nature of the Caliphate and the Ottoman Empire is in the Standard Arabic dialect. The non-independent regions of Transylvania (Siebenbürgen) and Bohemia have been shown because of their important historical role.